Variable function programmed calculator

ABSTRACT

A variable function calculator utilizes a fixed program memory array such as a programmed read only memory in which a number of programs are stored depending upon the desired functions of the calculator. The calculator also includes a program counter, an instruction register, control decoders, jump-condition circuits, a clock generator, a timing generator, digit and FLAG mask decoders, key input logic, a register and FLAG data storage array, a decimal and FLAG arithmetic logic unit, an output decoder, and a digit scanner which scans both the keyboard and display outputs. Aside from providing basic desk top calculator functions, the read only memory may be programmed so that the system provides metering functions, arithmetic teaching functions, control functions, etc.. A preferred embodiment of the invention is capable of being fabricated as a monolithic integrated semiconductor system utilizing contemporary metal-insulator-semiconductor techniques.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/034,634, filed Mar. 22, 1993, now abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/846,962, filed Mar. 6, 1992, now abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/537,214, filed Jun. 11, 1990, now abandoned; which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/373,111, filed Jun. 28, 1989, now abandoned; which was a continuation of Ser. No. 07/097,480, filed Sep. 15, 1987, now abandoned; which was a division of application Ser. No. 06/915,857, filed Oct. 6, 1986, now abandoned; which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/750,647, filed Jun. 28, 1985, now abandoned; which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/604,404, filed Apr. 27, 1984, now abandoned; which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/002,815, filed Jan. 12, 1979, now abandoned; which was a division of application Ser. No. 05/856,932, filed Dec. 2, 1977, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,242,675; which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 05/420,999, filed Dec. 3, 1973, now abandoned; which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 05/163,565, filed Jul. 19, 1971, now abandoned.

This invention relates to calculators and, more particularly, to a variable function fixed program calculator capable of being fabricated as a monolithic integrated semiconductor system utilizing contemporary semiconductor technology.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a system which functions as a basic desk top calculator. More particularly, it is an object of the invention to provide such calculator function including primitive decimal operations, such as add, subtract, multiply and divide with floating decimal point entry and either floating or fixed decimal point results on multi-digit operands. This object is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by providing, for example, a dynamic charge storage random access memory shifting array for registration of numeric and control data. The calculator includes a control memory such as a programmable logic array (PLA), a program memory such as a read only memory (ROM) and means for performing arithmetic and logic modification of registered data including binary coded decimal (BCD), bit-parallel digit-serial decimal arithmetic, and set-reset-toggle (SRT) FLAG data modification.

Another object of the invention is to provide a calculator system which is capable of being fabricated as a monolithic integrated semiconductor system. More particularly, it is an object of the invention to provide such calculator system which is capable of being fabricated as a monolithic integrated metal-insulator-semiconductor system utilizing contemporary metal-insulator-semiconductor technology. This object is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by providing a random access memory shift register system which requires approximately one-third the area of conventional shift register systems, providing internal generation of multi-phase clocks from a single phase input clock which is included in the calculator but which is external to the monolithic structure and by providing a common programmed scanning system in the monolithic structure to provide both keyboard encoding and display decoding with minimum external connections between the monolithic system and the keyboard and display The total number of connections from the monolithic structure to other calculator subsystems such as the keyboard, display and power supply are therefore minimized so that the monolithic structure is capable of being packaged in a conventional twenty-eight or forty pin package.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a versatile calculator system in which the calculator function and input and output interfaces can be varied without changing the basic calculator structure, and particularly without changing the basic calculator structure as an integrated semiconductor system. This object is accomplished with the present invention by providing a programmable read only memory which provides a fixed program for the calculator system in accordance with the desired function of the calculator system and by providing programmable logic arrays for decoding and encoding the input, output and operating data by masking such data to any desired format. The programmable read only memory and the programmable logic arrays are easily modified by changing only the gate-insulator mask for the metal-insulator-semiconductor integrated system embodiment during the fabrication process.

Yet another object of the invention to provide a calculator with improved means for encoding keyboard commands and status information and which also functions as a direct interface means between a display decoder and a display for segmented and/or individual-decimal-numerical displays. This object is accomplished in accordance with the invention by providing a programmed scanning system to service both the keyboard input and display output, thereby minimizing hardware requirements for the key input system. Four keyboard input pins combine with eleven scanner output pins to allow a total of forty-four distinct keys and/or switches. The programmed routine residing in the read-only memory encodes the input from the keyboard array under program control. The scanning system operates at a slow enough rate to eliminate the need for any external keyboard drive circuitry and allows direct drive of large capacitance loads with response consistent to the scan rate. The scan program includes an encoding routine to effectively defeat transient noise and key bounce types of interference from the keyboard. An additional advantage of the keyboard scanning system then is that it requires few diodes, no amplifiers and simple switches which need not be low resistance or low bounce time switches. The display output includes internal segment or digit decoding, digit-blanking and zero suppression logic and utilizes the same scanning system as the keyboard. The display itself may be comprised of light-emitting diodes, liquid crystal, cold cathode gas discharge display elements, fluorescent display elements, multi-digit single-envelope cold-cathode gas-discharge tubes, incandescent display elements, etc. The multiple display capability is provided by the generally defined digit scanning and segment or numeral decoding system and by providing for an inter-digit blanking signal which is variable in terms of leading and trailing edge blanking intervals and in terms of its application to either the segment drivers or the digit drivers or both. The output decoder is comprised of a programmable logic array segment decoder circuit which can be programmed to accommodate any seven, eight, nine, ten segment or ten digit numerical display font plus a right or left decimal point. In this manner the calculator system of the present invention is essentially insensitive to the selection of a display which is utilized in conjunction with it.

It is still a further object of the invention to provide internal means for suppression of insignificant leading zeros in the calculator display. This object is accomplished by the programmed scanning system which provides scanning of the most significant output digits first and minimizes hardware means for detecting and suppressing leading zeros.

Another object of the invention is to allow both constant-operand and chained-intermediate-result type of calculations in a fully algebraic manner. This object is accomplished by providing an operator selectable control or mode switch to distinguish the constant-operand mode from the chained-intermediate-result mode of operation and by providing a fixed program decision routine in the read only memory array to detect the desired mode and effect it.

It is yet a further object of the invention to provide a calculator system which includes means for providing an automatic round-off solution for high accuracy in calculation. This object is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by utilizing a fixed program routine stored in the read only memory which adds the numeral five to the least significant digit which is to be lost. In this manner, a one is added to the second least significant digit which is to be kept when the least significant digit which is to be lost is greater than or equal to five.

Another object of the invention is to provide a calculator system with minimum power dissipation in order to provide a uniquely portable desk top calculator with good battery life. This object is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by provision of special control circuits to turn off dissipating functional elements except when such functional elements are actually being used and by provision of special pre-charge ratioless circuits within an metal-insulator-semiconductor embodiment of the read only memory, programmable logic array and arithmetic logic unit functional subsystems. For example, the instruction output from the read only memory need be detected only one per instruction cycle; a power control is applied to the read only memory decoder effecting a duty cycle of {fraction (2/13)}ths of the nominal static power dissipation to eliminate DC currents so that only transient CV²f power is disipated.

Still further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims and from the accompanying drawings illustrative of the invention wherein:

FIGS. 1 and 2 are block diagrams illustrating the calculator system of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram functionally describing data block 204 of one embodiment of the calculator system of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the FLAG registers illustrating the operation thereof;

FIG. 5 is a symbolic representation of the basic command word format and instruction map utilized in an embodiment of the calculator system;

FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the basic instruction cycle timing for the calculator system;

FIG. 7 is a graph representing the scan cycle timing for the keyboard and display scan and relates the scan cycle to the instruction cycle timing period;

FIG. 8 is a representation of the data format for the A register, B register, C register, FA FLAG register, FB FLAG register and display;

FIG. 9 is a graph representing the keyboard program timing showing that the input-sensing program provides protection against transient noise, double-entry, leading-edge bounce and trailing-edge bounce;

FIGS. 10 and 11 are planar diagrams showing exemplary calculator keyboards utilized in conjunction with the present calculator system;

FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of the display element showing the input and output connections to the digit scanning circuits;

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a representative display font of a display utilized in conjunction with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a graph showing how the segment drive includes the digit drive of an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram of an interface circuit between the display elements and the scanning circuits in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a circuit representation of a keyboard utilized in conjunction with the described calculator embodiment including the inter-connections to the scanning circuits;

FIG. 17 is a logic and circuit diagram of a metal-insulator-semiconductor embodiment of the calculator system of the invention which is further comprised of FIGS. 17A-Z;

FIGS. 18A-D are diagrams showing the metal-insulator-semiconductor circuit equivalents of various logic gates shown in FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram illustrating the metal-insulator-semiconductor equivalent circuits of shift register cells 541 utilized in the commutator of the random access memory array shift register system utilized in the embodiment of FIG. 17;

FIG. 20 is a circuit diagram illustrating the metal-insulator-semiconductor driver circuit for the shift register cells of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating the circuit equivalents of the programmable logic arrays (PLA) utilized in the embodiment of FIG. 17;

FIGS. 22A-T are flow charts showing the programs stored in the programmable read only memory of an embodiment of the calculator system to provide desk top calculator functions including floating decimal point operation, input routines and output routines; and

FIG. 23 is a planar view of the packaged monolithic structure showing terminal interconnects to the keyboard, display drivers and power supply.

According to the present invention a variable function programmed calculator which includes a fixed program stored in a read only memory is capable of being fabricated as a monolithic integrated semiconductor system. In particular, the described embodiment is capable of being fabricated as a monolithic integrated metal-insulator-semiconductor system utilizing contemporary metal-insultor-semiconductor technology. The calculator system may be programmed to perform desk top calculator functions including floating decimal point operation or may be programmed to perform other useful operations. A monolithic structure of the calculator system includes a fixed program which is programmed in the programmable read only memory by modifying one of five or seven masks (the gate-insulator mask) during the fabrication process. In addition, the input, output and operating format of data within the calculator system is programmable in programmable logic arrays by altering the same masks. In the following sections the calculator system is first described in terms of the functional relationship between its various subsystems, then in terms of specific circuits and finally in terms of the fixed programs stored in the. read only memory.

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CALCULATOR SYSTEM

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the calculator system of the present invention is illustrated in terms of the functional dependence among five internal functional subsystems of the calculator system and the relation between the internal functional subsystems and external functional elements. Program block 201 comprises a read oily memory (ROM) 208 for storing fixed programs to operate the calculator in a desired manner and program counter (PC) 209. Control block 202 comprises instruction register (IR) 190 for storing a control instruction, control decoders. 191 for decoding control instructions and jump condition circuit 192. Timing block 203 comprises a clock generator 193, a timing generator 194, digit and FLAG mask decoders 195, and key input logic 196. Data block 204 comprises random access memory shift register system and FLAG data storage array 206, decimal arithmetic unit 207 and FLAG logic unit 229. Output block 205 comprises segment output decoder 198 and digit scanner outputs 197.

DATA BLOCK 204

Referring to FIG. 3, a functional description of data block 204 is described in detail. Data block 204 includes means for providing decimal or hexadecimal data storage and means for providing basic operations. The storage structure of the present embodiment is parallel for decimal or hexadecimal digits; therefore, each interconnect 210 coupling the various functional elements symbolize four physical interconnections. A register 211, B register 212 and C register 213 of memory array shift register system 206 comprise the primary decimal or hexadecimal storage means for the calculator logic unit. 1-bit dynamic shift register delay circuits 214 are utilized to provide recirculating refresh of primary registers 211, 212 and 213. The outputs of A register 211 and C register 213 are input to the U selector 215. The output of B register 212 and a constant N provided by means 223 are input to V selector 216. A binary or binary coded decimal (BCD) adder 217 calculates the sum or difference between U and V, i. e., U+V or U−V. U is the plus side of the adder; V is the minus side of the adder. A Σ data selector 218 provides means for short and long path shifting operations. An output from adder 217 to an input of Σ data selector 218 corresponds to the normal path in which no shift is provided. The delayed adder input 225 to Σ data selector 218 corresponds to the long path in which a left shift is provided. The UV logical OR-gate 224 input to Σ data selector 218 corresponds to a short path which provides for a right shift. Data selector 219 selects the input to A register 211 as either the Σ output of Σ data selector 218 or the delayed B register 212 output or the delayed A register output. Data selector 220 selects the input to the B register as either the Σ output of Σ data selector 218 or the delayed A register 211 output or the delayed B register 212 output. Data selector 221 selects the input to the C register as either the Σ output of Σ data selector 218 or the delayed C register 213 output. Jump condition latch circuit 192 is loaded with the carry-borrow output of adder 217.

A register 211, B register 212 and C register 213 each provide dynamic recirculating storage for thirteen decimal or hexadecimal digits in the present embodiment. Adder 217, U data selector 215, V data selector 216, Σ data selector 218, A data selector 219, B data selector 220 and C data selector 221 provide means for arithmetic and logical modification of the contents of registers 211, 212 and 213 by synchronous operation of selector and adder controls which is henceforth described in detail in the section describing control block 202.

Referring to FIG. 4, the contents of data block 204 is illustrated with respect to 1-bit status or FLAG element storage and operation. The coupling of the functional elements is indicated by interconnects 230. Two 12-bit registers FA register 226 and FB register 227 provide means for storage of status or FLAG information. The outputs of FA register 226 and FB resister 227 are delayed by 1-bit by means of dynamic shift register elements 228 before being input to FLAG operation logic unit 229. The A and B outputs of FLAG operation logic unit 229 are coupled to FLAG registers 226 and 227. Operations of FLAG operation logic unit 229 include recirculation, set, reset and toggle of individually addressed FLAGs; and, exchange and compare of FA and FB pairs of FLAGs. Controls SUB, FFLG, RFLG, SFLG, SLAG, and XFLAG are generated to perform the desired operation on a particular addressed FLAG or pair of FLAGs. The operation compare FLAG and the operation test FLAG result in an output from FLAG operation unit 229 to condition circuit 192. The control mechanism for these FLAG operations are henceforth described in detail in the section describing control block 202 below.

Control Block 202

The functions of control block 202 are to accept instruction words from program control block 201, interpret the instruction word and a condition flip-flop as a command word for a subsequent instruction cycle and decode certain controls which operate data selectors and logic units in data block 204, program block 201 and output block 205.

The basic command word format and instruction map are illustrated in FIG. 5. Referring to FIG. 5, I-bit 230 distinguishes jump from non-jump instructions. When I-bit 230 is a logical 0, then the instruction is a jump instruction and M-bit 231 distinguishes between true and false conditional jumps while the remaining bits of M field 232, S field 233, R field 234 and Σ field 235 contain the absolute address associated with the jump. When the instruction is a jump instruction (as indicated by a logical 0 being in the I-bit), but the jump condition is not satisfied, then ordinary incrementation of the program counter is effected. When the I-bit is a logical 1, then either a register or a FLAG operation is decoded; the entire M field 232 is used to distinguish register from FLAG operations as detailed in TABLE I below. When the binary code contained in M field 232 is between 0 and 9, a register operation is decoded; when the binary code contained in M field 232 is between 10 and 15, a FLAG operation is decoded.

In the case of register operations, the 10 codes M=0 through M=9 are used to select one of 6 digit masks in combination with one of 3 constant values (N). The assignment of the 6 masks and 3 constants depends upon the desired data word format. The selections shown in TABLE I are utilized in the programming of a floating point decimal calculator function in accordance with the present invention.

In the case of the FLAG operation, the 6 codes M=10 through M=15 are used to distinguish 6 FLAG codes, that is, compare, exchange, set, reset, toggle and test.

S-bit 233 of the command word controls three functional elements in data block 204. S-bit 233 distinguishes add from subtract in binary or BCD adder 217, distinguishes left shift from right shift in the Σ shift logic and distinguishes A from B in the FLAG operation logic. Add, shift and FLAG operations are exclusive operations and therefore require no further decoding. R field 234 distinguishes among arithmetic, exchange and keyboard input instructions as described in conjunction with TABLE II below. When the binary value contained in R field 234 is between 1 and 5, an arithmetic operation is indicated and U data selector gate 215 and V data selector gate 216 are controlled to enable the variables indicated in TABLE II as inputs to adder 217. When the binary value contained in R field 234 is equal to 6, an exchange of A and B, without digit masking is enabled, by-passing adder 217 and the Σ gate 218. When the binary value contained in R

TABLE I REGISTER FLAG M MASK N OPERATION 0 ALL 1 EXPONENT 2 MANTISSA 3 LSD 1-LSD 4 MANTISSA 1-LSD 5 MANTISSA 1-MSD 6 EXPONENT 1-EXPONENT 7 DPT 1-DPT 8 DPT 8-DPT 9 EXPONENT 8-EXPONENT A COMPARE B EXCHANGE C SET D RESET E TOGGLE F TEST

TABLE II ARITHMETIC EXCHANGE R U V A,B 0 1 A N 2 O B 3 C N 4 A B 5 C B 6 A⇄B 7

TABLE III DATA SELECTORS Σ A B C 0 A B C 1 Σ B C 2 A Σ C 3 A B Σ

field 234 is 0 or 7, then an arithmetic no-op (no operation) is indicated, providing means for implementation of a special class of instructions for keyboard synchronization and encoding.

Σ field 235 determines the selection of the output from Σ data selector 218 to A register 211, B register 212, C register 213 or none of these Σ data selector outputs. As shown in TABLE III, three codes are decoded to enable the output of Σ data selector 218 to be input to A register 211, B register 212 and C register 213; and the fourth code provides means for a no-op code to enable a class of keyboard synchronization and encoding instructions.

Condition circuit 192 reflects the status of the calculator at any given point in the execution of its fixed program. It is combined with the contents of Ma-bit 231 to determine if a jump instruction is to be executed or skipped. Condition circuit 192 is loaded with a carry-borrow (C/B) result of an arithmetic operation, the contents of any FLAG test or comparison (FA:FB ) of any pair of FLAGs with a common (FMSK) address, the scanned conductance(closed equals 1) of key matrix cross-points of the keyboard switches in normal scanning sequence, or the value of a particular digit scanner state, for example, D11.

The carry-borrow and FLAG inputs to the condition circuit provide means for convenient branch operations whereby the sequential program execution can be made dependent on results of data, on arithmetic register operations, and on the current status of the calculator system as indicated by any of a plurality of status memories (FLAGs) as for example in the illustrated embodiment in which 26 FLAGs are available.

The key matrix and digit scanner inputs to the condition circuit provide means for convenient and efficient synchronization and encoding under program control of a plurality of keyboard inputs, as for example in the present illustrated embodiment, 44 inputs are available. TABLE IV shows the coding and operation of these instructions. The WAIT operations provide control means to recirculate program counter (PC) 209 at its current value (not incremented) until the WAIT condition (D11, KN, or KP) is satisfied. In addition, a register operation which subtracts the numeral 1 from the mantissa of A register 211 can be associated with the D11 WAIT condition and is associated with the KN and KP WAIT condition instructions. The logical shift and FLAG initialization instructions are also shown in TABLE IV.

Timing Block 203

The function of the subsystem within timing block 203 is to generate three phase internal clocking (internal being within the monolithic structure of the preferred MOS embodiment) from an external single phase oscillator voltage, generate internal state and digital timing based upon the clocking inputs and provide digit and FLAG masking decoders. The basic instruction cycle timing for the calculator is illustrated in FIG. 6. The φ system timing input 240 is a square wave provided by an oscilator with approximately 50% duty cycle. The 3 internal clocks φ₁, φ₂ and φ₃ provide signals 241, 242 and 243, respectively, which are derived from the φ system clock by means of a recirculating ring counter. With binary coded decimal parallel arithmetic utilized in accordance with the present invention, each digit of add or subtract calculation utilizes one full set of clock pulses φ₁, φ₂, and φ₃. The full set of clock pulses is considered a state; consider for example the first state S1 with a corresponding signal 244. There are 13 such states S1-S13 corresponding to the 13 digit circulation of registers 211-213 in data block 204. The 13 states are generated by means of a feedback shift counter. Although the 13 states and 13 digit registers will allow storage of 13-digit numbers, a generalized floating point notation which is more convenient from the standpoint of program storage and manipulation of data is utilized in accordance with the present invention. This is accomplished by the masking or sub-addressing of registers 211-213 to mask or isolate 6 particular fields as follows: Mantissa field 245 which has N digits, the first of which is the least significant digit (LSD), the last of which is the overflow digit (OVF) and the (N−1)th digit of which is the most significant digit (MSD); masks are thus provided for the mantissa, the LSD, the MSD and the OVF. There is also provision for an exponent (EXP) mask and a display (DPT) mask. These 6 masks are generated in the digit mask decoder as commanded by the M mask field 232 of the instruction word. In accordance with the present invention, the masks are

TABLE IV WAIT REGISTER JUMP CLEAR I M S R Σ COND. ARITHMETIC COND. FLAGS 1 0 0 7 0 D-11 1 0 0 0 0 D-11 A-1→A_(M) 1 0 1 0 0 KP A-1→A_(M) 1 1 0 0 0 KN A-1→A_(M) 1 1 1 0 0 KOvKN 1 1 0 0 0 KQ 1 0 0 1 1 SLL(A) 1 1 0 2 2 SLL(B) 1 2 0 3 3 SLL(C) 1 0 1 1 1 SRL(A) 1 1 1 2 2 SRL(B) 1 2 1 3 3 SRL(C) 1 13 0 3 1 FA 1 13 1 3 1 FB

individually adjustable so that variable functioning systems can be accommodated within the calculator system. In the MOS embodiment, variations of the masks are effected by varying the gate oxide mask during the fabrication process to change the calculator operation. One variation for example, would be to set up one or more of the 6 masks to cover two digits and controlling the adder circuit in the data block to operate in hexadecimal as opposed to binary coded decimal thereby allowing for the processing of 8-bit binary characters by the calculator system.

In addition to the digit mask provisions, a subsystem of timing block 203 controls the addressing of FLAGS. The addressing of FLAGs is essentially a one out of thirteen selection and is accomplished by the FLAG mask decoder.

FIG. 7 illustrates the scan cycle timing for the keyboard and display scan and relates the scan cycle to the instruction cycle timing period. In accordance with the present embodiment of the invention both the key-board inputs and display outputs are scanned with the same scan signals. In this manner, the number of pins required to package the system as a monolithic integrated semiconductor structure are reduced to a minimum and the internal system logic is simplified. It is desirable to scan at a rate which is slow enough to be consistent with conventional displays such as a neon tube display in addition to, for example, a liquid crystal display and simultaneously to calculate at a very high rate. Hence, the scanner of the present invention operates by nesting multiple instruction cycles within a scan cycle. In the illustrated embodiment there are 11 scan signals which are sufficient for a 10 digit numeric display plus a 1 digit control display such as an error (E) signal or minus (−) sign. This also allows very efficient coding of the keyboard entry routine. During each digit time, for example, D11 with logic 1 signal 251, 1 digit of a particular register is synchronously decoded. In order to retrieve the various digits of a particular register in sequence the output decoder is double buffered. The input of the buffer is clocked on the state 252 which corresponds to the (equivalence: S_(i)⊙D_(i)). The output is clocked on a fixed state, for example, signal 253 of state S13, synchronous with the digit scan cycle. In this manner, during a digit scan cycle, each digit from the registers is recovered in sequence and synchronously displayed. The digit counter is itself clocked by a particular state, for example, state S13 and Operated by a feedback shift counter similar to the state feedback shift counter. In the present embodiment, the digit feedback shift counter counts down modulo 11 whereas the state counter counts up modulo 13. In this manner the real-time most-significant-first scan which results provides means for implementation of zero suppression logic in the display.

The exemplified digit masks discussed with respect to FIG. 6 are further clarified in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 illustrates the data format for A register 211, B register 212, C register 213, FA FLAG storage element 226, FB FLAG storage element 227, and the display. A numeric example is shown in the register format 260 in order to clarify the operation of the digit masks. In the example, the decimal points (DPT) is shown equal to 2. Therefore, in display format 261, the decimal appears at the D₃ location. The mantissa field is shown in the example for an 8 digit calculator system to exist between S11 and S3.

Although there is no rigid requirement for the FLAG format 262, in the present embodiment it is convenient to dedicate FA FLAG storage element 226 and FB FLAG storage element at S11 mask or time-address to storage of the minus (−) and error (E) FLAGS for the display. In this manner the logic of segment decoder 198 and hence of output block 205 is greatly simplified.

Finally, the subsystem of timing block 203 includes the key input logic. The function performed by this logic is buffering and synchronization to the internal instruction cycle. In accordance with the present calculator system no provision need be made in hardware to defeat transient noise, mechanical key bounce or double key entry; each of these functions are included as fixed program routines.

Program Block 201

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the subsystem of program block 201 is comprised of read only memory (ROM) 208 and program counter (PC) 209. Read only memory 208 functions as a storage means for a linear program list which in the present embodiment contains 320 11-bit instruction words to provide the fixed programs which perform the particular calculator functions. Various embodiments of the calculator system are therefore provided by providing various combinations of programs in read only memory 208. Read only memory 208 may be programmed in accordance with the techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,541,543 to R. H. Crawford et al, titled Binary Decoder. The programs may include keyboard input routines, internal format routines, internal calculation routines and display format routines. Specific programs utilized in conjunction with the desk top calculator function of the calculator system of the invention and the programming of the calculator system to perform other functions are described in a later section.

Program counter 209 is, in the present embodiment, a 9-bit dynamic storage register which accepts a new input during each instruction cycle. The new input is either the program count itself, the program count incremented by 1 or 9-bits from the previous instruction word. These three inputs provide WAIT instructions, normal operating instructions and jump instructions, respectively.

One function of program block 201 is to provide a defeat mechanism by which malfunction of the keyboard encoding procedure is prevented. The input-sensing program provides protection against transient noise, double-entry, leading-edge bounce, and trailing-edge bounce, as shown in FIG. 9. An ‘IDLE’ routine sequentially scans the [KO], [KN] and [KQ] inputs until a non-quiescent input is detected. The input is sampled again 2.5 ms later by a “TPOS” routine to distinguish a valid key-push from the transient noise. If the test is positive, then (5 ms after the initial detection) the program jumps to a ‘NBR’ or ‘OPN’ entry routine; otherwise, it returns to the ‘IDLE’ routine. The ‘NBR’ routine enters the number which is keyed-in into the display register; ‘OPN’ performs the keyed-in operation. Both routines terminate in a jump to a ‘TNEG’ routine. ‘TNEG’ performs a scan of the [KN], [KO] and [KQ] inputs to determine that the entire keyboard is in its quiescent condition. After a successful (negative) test the program jumps back to the ‘IDLE’ routine.

Five classes of keyboard inputs and consequent program routines are utilized in order to perform calculations and/or logic functions with the Calculator System, as follows: Number Keys, Mode Switches, A Decimal Point Switch, Operation Keys, and Interlock Keys. The distinctions between “keys” and “switches” is that keys are operated momentarily and exclusively, whereas switches are generally static and may have a normally-closed position. The program classes are explained by way of example; exemplary Calculator Keyboards using these keys are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11.

Number Keys: There are ten numeric keys and a decimal point key. Operation of the [0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], and [9] keys left-shifts the display register one digit and enters the corresponding number into the least-significant digit. The [.] key is operated in normal sequence of figure entry. If it is not used, the point is assumed to be after the last numeric entered. The entry mode is always floating.

Mode Switches: The constant switch [K] selects between chain operation and constant operation. Normal operation of the calculator, with the constant key [K] up (open) allows chained calculations without loss of intermediate results. Alternative operation with [K] down (closed) allows constant operand operation.

Point Switch: Floating or fixed mode of operations is selected by an 11-position switch [F]-[9]-[8]-[7]-[6]-[5]-[4]-[3]-[2]-[1]-[0]. Positions [0] through [9] are used for fixed-point calculation results; the [F] position selects full-floating operation.

Operation Keys: With 10 Number Keys, 2 Mode Switches, 11-position Point Switch, and 44 Matrix Crosspoints, there remains space for a total of 21 possible operation keys. These key locations are sufficient to include the two main keyboard configurations illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. [+] Stores an addition command and performs a possible preceding operation; [−] stores a subtraction command and performs a possible preceding operation; [×] stores a multiplication command and performs a possible preceding operation; [÷] stores a division command and performs a possible preceding operation; [+/−] changes the sign of the display register; [=] performs the preceding operation and stores a command to clear at the next number entered;. [+] enters the last keyed-in number in the calculator and performs a possible preceding operation; [−] enters the last keyed-in number in the machine as a negative number; [C] clears all three registers and any preceding operation; [CI] clears the display register.

Interlock Key routines are functional hybrids of (momentary) operation keys and (static) mode switches. They provide a mechanism for interlocking the operation of the Calculator System to the operation of other devices. In particular, the Calculator System may be programmed for at least three additional types of applications by the operation of Interlock Key routines, as follows: the Calculator System (master) controlling of a Slave Device (e. g., print mechanism or print control circuit); slave operation of the Calculator System by a Master Device (e. g., a remote controller through a real-time communication medium); and multiprocessing by a plurality of Calculator Systems of the present invention according to a preprogrammed interlock routine for determination of priority and effecting of intercommunication.

Output Block 205

In the described embodiment of the Calculator System, twenty-two outputs are provided to perform display and keyboard scanning, and synchronously decode the contents of the display register.

Referring to FIG. 12, the Digit Driver (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11) outputs of digit decoder 195 are used to scan-encode the keyboard and to scan the display. An inter-digit blanking signal is gate-mask programmed to disable the digit drivers for interface to particular display devices. The polarity of the digit signals is positive; that is, during Di, Di is conducting to VSS. This is provided in the described MOS calculator system embodiment in order to effectively scan the keyboard matrix.

The Segment Driver (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH, SI, SJ, SP) outputs of the segment decoder 198 are gate-mask programmed for direct compatibility with 7- and 8-segment (plus decimal point) displays. In addition to segment code, both inter-digit blanking and segment polarity can be selected. Thus, the inter-digit blanking signal is programmable in increments of 12 microseconds (nominal); and it can be applied to either digit drivers or segment drivers, or both. The leading zeros (high-order zeros before the decimal point or a non-zero figure) are suppressed by disabling all segment drivers.

The described Calculator System embodiment digit and segment decoders have been programmed for a 7-bar digit-blanked characteristic with positive segment decoding (segment A “on” is decoded as SA conducting to VSS). The display font is illustrated in FIG. 13. The complete coding of the numerals, error (E) and minus (−) indications are shown. SH is not used for display but outputs information useful for testing purposes. SI and SJ are available in hardware for use with numeric displays with one terminal (e.g., cathode) per numeral. However, these outputs are not used for, segmented displays in order to allow the monolithic integrated semiconductor embodiment of the Calculator System to be placed in a 28-pin packaging. When a clock period is 4 microseconds, for example, the scan rate is 156 microseconds per digit. For example, the present embodiment is programmed for 12-microsecond leading-edge blanking and 12-microsecond trailing-edge blanking on the digit drivers only. Hence,the segment drive covers the digit drive, as illustrated in FIG. 14. An interface circuit which includes bi-polar transistors 15 for a common-cathode 7-bar LED display is shown in FIG. 15. The interface circuit of the present embodiment is fabricated on a separate semiconductor substrate.

FIG. 16 illustrates the key assignment of the described calculator embodiment. Each key, e. g., 340 is a Form A normally open single pole, single throw switch, which has meaning for the particular input routine programmed in ROM 208.

It is also contemplated that some of the “Mode Switches” discussed previously in the Program Block section could in some embodiments be in the form of jumper wires, thus more permanently selecting a particular mode for a particular model or family of equipment. In this way, a “master program” involving a single embodiment of the invention could economically and feasibly cover the whole family of distinct operational characteristics.

Logic and Circuit Description of the Mos Calculator System Embodiment

The calculator system according to the present invention has been discussed in terms of the function within each block of FIGS. 1 and 2. In the following sections the calculator system is described in terms of logic system and circuit elements which comprise the present calculator system embodiment which as previously noted is capable of being fabricated as a monolithic integrated semiconductor system utilizing contemporary MOS or MIS manufacturing technology. The complete calculator system of the present embodiment except for the keyboard illustrated separately in FIG. 16, the display element shown separately in FIGS. 12-14 and the display driver illustrated separately in FIG. 15. The logic/circuit diagram of FIG. 17 is comprised of 26 figures, FIGS. 17A through 17Z which are put together as illustrated in FIG. 17.

The functional elements described in the previous sections are identified in FIG. 17 with like numerals. In program block 201, program counter 209 provides a 9-bit address 501 to ROM 208. The data output 501 from ROM 208 is then transmitted to instruction register 190.

In control block 202, outputs 503 of instruction register 190 are distributed to jump-condition circuit 192; R decoder 191 A, control decoder 191 B, and Σ decoder 191 C of decoder 191 in control 202; and, FLAG and digit mask decoder circuits 195 A and 195 B in mask decoder circuits 195 of timing block 203. R decoder outputs 504 control U data selectors 215 and V data selectors 216 in data arithmetic logic unit 207. The condition output 507 of jump condition circuit 192 controls jump gates 508 in program counter functional element 209. Outputs 509 of Σ decoder 218 control the A data selector gates 219, the B data selector gates 220 and the C data selector gates 221 in arithmetic logic unit 207. Outputs 513 of control decoder 191 B operate the condition selector gates 514 in jump condition circuit 192. Outputs 515 of control decoder 191 B operate WAIT-KN-KP selector gate 516 of keyboard input circuit 196. Outputs 517 of control decoder 191 B operate Σ gates 218 in arithmetic logic unit 207.

In timing block 203, outputs 518 of digit and FLAG mask decoders 195 drive FA and FB FLAG operation logic gates 519 and 520. Outputs 521 of FLAG mask decoder 195 A operate keyboard synchronizing buffer control circuit 522 in keyboard input logic 196. Output 523 of FLAG mask decoder 195 A provides a synchronizing time pulse to jump-condition circuit 192. Outputs 524 of digit mask decoder 195 B is input to R decoder circuit 191 A and to FLAG mask decoder 195 B to discriminate FLAG commands from data operation commands. Output 526 from digit mask decoder 191 B provides a sub-addressing timing mask to Σ gate control circuit 527 and through the Σ decoder outputs 509 to A data selector gates 510, B data selector gates 511 and C data selector gates 512 in arithmetic logic unit 207; and, to carry-borrow detection gate 528 of jump-condition circuit 192. Output 529 of digit mask decoder 191 B provides a right-shift command to Σ control circuit 527 in arithmetic logic unit 207. Output signals 536 of A register 211 of the FLAG and data storage array 206 are transmitted to AA buffer circuit 542 in segment decoder 198.

In the following sections the logic and the circuit descriptions of blocks 201-205 is described in detail. In order to better understand the calculator system,the logic symbology and its MOS circuit equivalents is here discussed with reference to FIGS. 18 A-D. FIG. 17 is described in terms of conventional logic symbology using positive logic convention. However, additional notation has been included to clarify the particular MOS circuit embodiment which have been chosen to meet transient,voltage level and timing requirements of the system. FIG. 18A illustrates five different inverters which appear in FIG. 17 and their respective MOS circuit equivalents. Similarly, FIG. 18B illustrates five corresponding types of NAND gates and their respect to MOS circuit equivalents and FIG. 18C illustrates five corresponding types of NOR gates and their respect to MOS circuit equivalents. The five different types of MOS circuits shown in each of FIGS. 18A-C may be described as follows a logic symbol 552 with no internal inscription is a conventional load ratio circuit. A logic symbol 553 with a single numeric inscription 1, 2 or 3 indicates a dynamic implementation of the logic function with-clocked load φI where I is the inscription. This type of circuit is used for lower power consumption and reduction of the number of service lines (DC voltages and clocks) required in arrays which don't require a gate bias voltage V_(GG). A logic symbol 554 with two numeric inscriptions IJ indicates implementation of the logic function using a special ratioless type circuit with precharges on φI and conditional discharge on φJ where I and J are members of the set {1, 2, 3} and the condition is the logical condition of conduction. This type of circuit is used to reduce power, to reduce cell size and/or to increase circuit speed. A logic symbol 555 with the inscription G infers performing of the logic function using a boot strap load circuit which is later described in detail. Finally, a logic symbol 556 with the inscription OD infers the implementation of that logic function using open-drain circuits. This type of circuit is used in wire-OR logic where only one of severalccoupled logic gates requires a load.

Logic and Circuit Description of Data Block 204

Data block 204 comprises random access memory array shift register system 206 which is further comprised of A register 211, B register 212, C register 213, FA FLAG data storage register 226 and FB FLAG data storage register 227; and decimal arithmetic logic unit 207 and FLAG logic unit 229. Random access memory array shift register system 206 is comprised of a commutator system 545 which operates a 12×14 array or matrix 546 of charge storage cells 10 and 14 dynamic delays 214. Array 546 of charge storage cells 10 and delay cells 214 provide the parallel shifting storage system for three thirteen digit numbers and twenty-six binary FLAGS. The commutator system 545 is comprised of twelve shift register cells 541 (illustrated in detail in FIG. 19) arranged in serial connection by coupling the output of each intermediate cell 541 to the input of the next cell 541 in the series. In this manner cells 541 are capable of distributing common read-write control signals sequentially to adjacent rows of storage array 546. In order for the commutation to effect a stable image of rotation corresponding to the desired characteristics of fourteen parallel shifting shift registers of 13-bits in length with one input and one output for each of the fourteen columns of the array, additional means 547 and 544 are provided in the commutation circuit. NAND circuit 547 and delay element 544 eliminates multi-modal oscillations corresponding to circulation of more than one read-write control for rotation. The MOS circuit equivalents of shift register cells 541 is illustrated in FIG. 19. Each shift register cell 541 is comprised of a normal six MOS transistor shift register bit section and additionally includes a load circuit 548 which uses a capacitance boot strapping effect to given superior transient response as compared to conventional load circuits, RP pulse enable 550 from cell 543 and a kill circuit 551 which restricts the time interval of the read-write control pulse to that of clock φ2. The circuit of cell 543 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 20; circuit 543 develops the timing pulse RP by means of a double inverting amplifier circuit with an input from clock φ2. The random access memory shift register system embodied in the present invention is further described in copending patent application Ser. No. TI-4607 by Boone et al filed of even date with and assigned to the assignee of the present application. patent application Ser. No. TI-4607 is incorporated by reference herein.

Again, referring to FIG. 17, A data selector gates 219, B data selector gates 220 and C data selector gates 221 are coupled to and drive input means 510, 511 and 512 of A register 211 (Columns A1, A1, A4 and A8), B register 212 (Columns B1, B2, B4 and B8) and C register 213 (Columns C1, C2, C4 and C8), respectively. Output means 536, 537 and 538 of A register 211, B register 212 and C register 213, respectively complete a recirculation path through 1-bit delay elements 214 back to normal inputs NA of data selector 219, NB of data selector 220 and NC of data selector 221. In addition to the normal paths, Σ gates 218 can be selected by the Σ A control of A data selector 219 or by the Σ B control of B data selector 220 or Σ C control of C data selector 221. In addition to these paths, output means 536 and 537 of A register 211 and B register 212, respectively, transmitted through delay cells 214 are capable of being enabled to B data selector gates 220 and A data selector gates 219, respectively, by means of the exchange control in combination with the Σ A and Σ B controls as previously discussed with respect to FIG. 3. All of the normal Σ and exchange controls are provided to data selectors 219, 220 and 221 by Σ decoder 191 C.

Output means 536 of A register 211 and output means 538 of C register 213, delayed by the first half of delay cell 214, are selected (normally exclusively) to the plus side of adder 217 by U data selector 215. Similarly, output means 537 of B register 212, delayed by the first half of delay cell 214 and a constant N generated by means 524 are selected (normally exclusively) to the minus side of adder 217 by V data selector 216. Exclusive OR circuits 554 are utilized to conditionally complement the V inputs to adder 217 with respect to their normal (add) polarity at nodes 55 and where the condition of such complementation is the subtract command from output 503 of instruction register 190. U outputs 552 from U data selector 215 and the conditionally complemented V outputs 555 from exclusive OR circuits 554 are added with carry input 557 by ripple carry adder cells 556 to generate the binary sum U plus conditionally complemented V at nodes 558 and a binary carry signal at node 559. The binary sum generated at 558 and carry generated at 559 are corrected by logic unit 563 to a decimal sum and carry at T adder nodes 560 and inter-digit carry node 561 depending upon the state of CK control 564 and CBRS control 565. Controls 564 and 565 are used to select binary coding as opposed to binary-coded-decimal (BCD) operation and to block inter-digit carries in selected fields of the register data circulation.

Outputs 560 of T adder 563 can be selected by Σ data selectors 218 through either the no-shift (NS) or delay elements 566 and left shift (LS) Σ paths. Σ data selectors 218 also allow a right shift path by using the inverted U at input 552 and inverted V input 553. Σ gate control circuit 527 transmits left or right shift commands to the left or right channels of Σ data selector 218 and enables the no-shift path when neither left shift or right shift commands are present. In addition, when a left shift command is present, Σ gate control circuit 527 generates a leading-edge detection of digit mask control 526 which are utilized by left shift delay elements 566 in order to block the first digit to insure insertion of a zero in the least significant digit masked.

The FLAG operation logic 229, in much the same manner as the register operation logic of arithmetic logic unit 207 completes a circulation path generated by data storage array 206. The output means of the FA storage cells 568 and the FB storage cells 569 are the normal recirculating inputs to FA operational logic 519 and FE operational logic 520 of FLAG logic unit 229 and also are transmitted to FLAG selection gates 570 in jump-condition circuit 192. FLAG command inputs 518 from digit mask decoder 195 B allow a particular FLAG to be set, reset, or toggled where the particular FLAG is addressed by the SUB bit of instruction register 503 (FA or FB) and by FMSK control 519 from FLAG mask decoder 195 A (selecting one of thirteen time slots or states). In addition, FA and FB pairs of FLAGs in the same time slot (FMSK) may be exchanged by means of FFLG command 518 from digit mask decoder 195 B. FA and FB operation logic gates 519 and 520 provide FLAG data to FLAG data storage array input means 505 and 506, respectively, to complete the circulation loop for the FLAGs.

Logic and Circuit Description of Control Block 202

Control block 202 is comprised of instruction register 190, R decoder 191 A, control decoder 191 B, Σ decoder 191 C and jump-condition circuit 192.

Instruction register 190 is comprised of a set of eleven inverters 575 whose inputs are sampled from the program block ROM 208 data outputs 502 once per instruction cycle by boot strapped NAN D gate 571. The R, control and Σ decoders 191, as well as other decoders illustrated in FIG. 17 are implemented in programmable logic arrays which are similar in structure to the read only memory (ROM) decoder/encoder circuits with the exception that the decoder is not fully generated. That is, whereas in a N-bit address ROM, 2^(N) locations are decoded; in a PLA only the desired states are decoded. Consider, for example, the PLA illustrated in FIG. 21. A and B inputs 571 are presented to the first half (decoder) of a PLA in both true and complemented polarities. In this example, four product terms (decoder outputs) 572 are presented as inputs to a second (encoder) array. The circuits for the decoder gates 572 and encoder gates 573 are identical shunt gates; that is, logical NAND gates. However, since NAND-N logic reduces to AND-OR logic, it is convenient to use sum-of-product notation to describe the PLA circuit implementation where the dependence of a particular product term on a particular input is indicated by a circle at that juncture as for example 574. The circles also correspond to the physical placement of MOS gates by a programmable gate mask utilized during the fabrication of the MOS embodiment.

In accordance with the above symbology for decoders (PLA), Σ decoder 191 C has a four-term decoder circuit 578 and a four-line output encoder section 579 in order to decode the controls 509 from the Σ A and Σ B inputs from output 503 of instruction register 190 and digit mask output 526 of digit mask decoder 195 B and EX exchange command 504 from R decoder 191 A. Similarly, R decoder 191 A converts R field 234 output 503 of instruction 190 into the UV command CU, AU, BV, and EX 504 and the R7 WAIT condition code 580 using a seven-term decode array 581 and five-line output encoder array 582. All terms of the R decode matrix 581 are also conditioned by the true state of the I-bit 230 of instruction register 190 at output 503 and by the FLAG signal 525 in the inverted state. Control decoder 191 B decodes the controls for special keyboard instructions for keyboard condition 513, keyboard WAIT 515 and shift left and right 517. Control decoder 191 B utilizes a twelve-term decoder 583 and a nine-line output encoder array 584.

Jump-condition circuit 192 is comprised of a cross-coupled latch circuit 584 with inputs from the keyboard condition selector gates 514, carry-borrow selector gate 528 and FLAG test and compare gates 570 to the SET side of the latch; a timing input 585 to the reset side of the latch; and a gating circuit 586 to enable jump-condition control 507 to jump gates 508 when a jump instruction is decoded and the jump-condition is true.

Logic and Circuit Description of Timing Block 203

Timing block 203 comprises a clock generator 193, a state and digit timing generator 194, digit and FLAG mask decoder arrays 195 and key input logic 196.

All timing information for the calculator system is provided by a square wave generator or oscillator (external to the monolithic semiconductor system illustrated in FIG. 17) which is approximately 250 KHz. Input clock lead C as indicated by the φ terminal 530 in FIG. 17X provides means for applying the external clock signal to the monolithic calculator system. The basic clock shown in FIG. 17X and the three phase clock shown in FIG. 17Z are both integrated into the monolithic semiconductor system. The square wave φ is immediately divided by the basic clock circuit of FIG. 17X into half frequency square waves φB1 and φB2 of opposite polarities at 531 and 532, respectively. The two phase clock outputs φB1 and φB2 are in turn divided by means of 3-bit ring counter 588 to provide the three phase clock φ1L, φ2L and φ3L at 533, 534 and 535, respectively, as the basic clocking system for all of the logic and circuit elements of the calculator system embodiment of FIG. 17.

State and digit timing generator 194 utilizes dynamic shift register elements and PLA logic to provide state counter 589, digit counter 590, state digit comparator 591, state decoder 592 and digit decoder 593. Re-encoded state decoder outputs 594 are distributed to the other functional elements to provide means for arbitrary selection of state timing on each of six independent timing buses. The state decoder outputs 595 are also distributed as required by other circuit elements of FIG. 17. In addition to providing means for deriving the correct feedback for the digit feedback shift register, the outputs of digit decoder 593 drives the output scanner 197.

Thirteen of the product terms in FLAG mask decoder 195 are used to correspond FLAG addresses from the R and Σ fields 234 and 235, respectively of instruction register 190 at output 503 to states one through thirteen as decoded from the SA, SB, SC and SD inputs of state counter S to derive the FLAG addressing signal FMSKat 596 which is then gated to FLAG operation logic 519 and 520 as the timing address of FLAG operations. Similarly, digit mask decoder 195B provides the digit mask signal 526 by associations of M field 232 of instruction register 190 at output 503 and from state counter 589. In this manner set and reset associations of arbitrary correspondence between state and mask for each of the six distinct masks is provided. In addition to the digit mask, digit mask decoder 195B also performs decoding of FLAG controls 518, shift right control 529 and constant N generator 524.

Logic and Circuit Description of Output Block 205

Segment output subsystem 198 is comprised of delay elements 542 which buffer output means 536 of the data storage array 206, segment decoder (PLA) 601 and output buffer circuit 602 which drive terminals 576 with 11-decode segment output signals. The segment decoder array has ten product terms for means of decoding numeric information for selective recombination, that is, encoding on numeric segment outputs 602; product terms for decoding FLAG information (for example, error or minus sign); and, product terms and feedback signal 603 to implement zero suppression.

The scan output subsystem 197 is comprised of 11 2-input NAND gates 604 which block digit decoder outputs 593 by digit BLANK signal 606 for inter-digit blanking capability; and, output buffer circuits 605 to drive terminals 576 effecting a scan of the keyboard and display as previously described.

Logic, Circuit and Program Description of Program Block 201

As previously described, program block 201 is comprised of program counter (PC) 209 and read-only memory (ROM) 208. Together, program counter 209 and read-only memory 208 perform the address-modification required for each instruction, and provide the control block 202 with, for example, in the described embodiment an 11-bit input to the instruction register (IR) 190.

The address modification required by a current instruction is either no modification f or WAIT operations, binary add one for normal incremented operations and jump operations that are not executed, or replacement of the entire 9-bit program counter with nine bits from instruction register 190 for jump operations which are executed. The no modification for WAIT operations and binary add one for normal incremented operations and jump operations which are not executed are satisfied by means of a serial input 651 to the MSD of program counter 209 from key input logic 196 in timing block 203 which either recirculates the LSD output 652 of program counter 209 or adds one to the LSD and circulates it to the MSB of the program counter 209, respectively. In either case the circulation is synchronous to the instruction cycle. The replacement of the entire 9-bit count with nine bits from instruction register 190 for jump operations which are executed is satisfied by means of parallel strobing of output 503 of instruction register 190 by the output of condition circuit 192 into the inputs 653 of all bits of program counter 209 simultaneously during state S12 of the instruction cycle.

The output of the instruction word to the control block instruction register 190 is strobed by NAND gate 654 providing a new input to instruction register 190 every instruction cycle during state S13. The serial circulation of program counter 190 is provided by means of conventional shift register bits 656 clocked by NAND gates 655 during S3 through S12. The TOM is comprised of a 1-out-of-64 decoder per instruction register 190 bit output 503 driving an array of 5 NAND gates per bit or a total of 55 NAND gates. One of these five gates is addressed by a 1-out-of-5 encoder for each bit. Hence, means is provided for storage of a maximum of 320 11-bit words, and a selection (decode and encode) is provided for random addressing of any one word. Program block 201 in the present calculator embodiment is comprised of programmable read-only memory 208 to store a fixed program; in further embodiments, however, a read-write memory replacing memory 208 would provide means for continuously varying the stored program and hence change the operation of the calculator system.

The resident program in one embodiment of the variable function calculator system provides means for the calculator operation characteristics called “Combination B” shown in Table VIII. The corresponding flowcharts for this embodiment are illustrated in FIGS. 22A to T; the resulting linear program is shown in Table VI; and the hexadecimal ROM code is shown in Table V. Finally a logic simulation result for a portion of an executing problem example is shown in Table VII.

Referring to FIG. 22, the calculator program logic flow is as follows:

TABLE V 1802 ROM ASSEMBLY . . . COMBINATION B (+−=) ROM CODE START END OBJECT CODE IS 11 BITS 000 010 TM1802 F8B2 F892 FBFE FBFC FBFF F89D FBFF FB9F 0404 FBFF FB9F FBFF 0609 FBFF FBFF FB9F 0609 011 021 TM1802 F816 0404 FBE3 0458 043E 0441 045B 0404 0441 0440 0446 0447 0441 F8FC F81B 062A F8FF 022 032 TM1802 F89B F895 F894 F83D 062A F83E 042A F855 F83C 042F FA3E FA1A 0604 F8BC FA9B 0634 F9DB 033 043 TM1802 0436 F8D7 0604 F81C 0639 FA3A FB7A FBFF FB1E FB3A 0404 F8DC 061F F8DD F89E F83E 064A 044 054 TM1802 F8FF 067F F8DD F8DE F83E 064E F81B 0644 F81E 0452 FBF8 F8B5 F815 0653 F8F5 F93E F93D 055 065 TM1802 F89C F8DB 0604 F89C F897 0621 F855 0604 F974 066C FB8F 0663 FBE7 F935 FB8C F834 0668 066 076 TM1802 FBE7 F935 FA50 0475 FB55 0668 F834 0471 FBF7 F935 F934 FADB 046E FBAC 0668 FB4F 0679 077 087 TM1802 FBE7 F935 F975 047D FB4F 067E FB6E FADB 04A4 FABD FB75 FB4F 0488 FB5A FB14 0493 FA7A 088 098 TM1802 F9DB 0495 FA9B 06A5 FB7A FB14 049A FA5B 049F FA5A 0688 FA5A 0688 FA3A FA98 04A2 F814 099 0A9 TM1802 048F F99B 04A0 F8D6 F99A 06A0 F854 FA7A 0688 FB7A 0688 FBFE F83F 0705 FBF7 FBF2 FBF4 0AA 0BA TM1802 F934 F837 F877 067E F8BF F83F 065D F83D 06B7 F838 04B7 FBE7 F934 F8B8 FBFF FB7F 06BC 0BB 0CB TM1802 F8F8 F975 F895 0400 F8D5 F974 06C6 F83D 04CB F8AF 06D4 F83D 0404 FB8F 06CB F854 FB8F 0CC 0DC TM1802 06D4 FBAE F8E7 FB8D FBE7 F83D 06D4 F854 FADB 04FB FB78 FB7E F83D 06F7 FB4B 04F2 FB48 0DD 0ED TM1802 FAFA 06DA FADA F8D6 0604 FA9B 06FB FADB 06EE F814 04EB FA5B 06ED FBD4 FA7A 06FE FA5A 0EE 0FE TM1802 FB7A FAD3 04E2 FB70 06DA FB50 FAD3 04FB F85A FB10 04F3 FB6E 06F7 FBF4 FB1E 06FF F8BB 0FF 10F TM1802 F838 047F F8BE F8BD 067F FB5A FA5B 0511 FA5A F814 0504 F99B 050F F99A F8D6 0705 FA1A 110 120 TM1802 0705 F894 F816 0523 FB1B 071B FA1B 051B FB5A FA1A 0714 FB1E 0523 FBE7 FBFE FBFF FBDF 121 131 TM1802 0526 FBF7 F838 0455 064F FBFF FB3E 0729 FB3A FBDA FBF5 FB55 FB8F FBE7 0739 FA5A FB5A 132 142 TM1802 FBE7 FB8F FBF7 0530 FB7A FBDA 0723 FBBF 0736 FA9B 0736 FB7A FA7A 0739 0000 0000 0000 143 153 TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 154 164 TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 165 175 TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 176 186 TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 187 197 TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 198 1A8 TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1A9 1B9 TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1BA 1CA TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1CB 1DB TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1DC 1EC TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1ED 1FD TM1802 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1FE 1FF TM1802 0000 0000

TABLE VI 000 111 0100 1101 CLR ZAEL 001 111 0110 1101 ZBFL 002 100 0000 0001 CLA ALL 003 100 0000 0011 CLC ALL 004 100 0000 0000 LOCK WD11 005 111 0110 0010 ZFB 2 MAKING SURE THAT PREV OP FLAG 2 IS 0 006 100 0000 0000 WD11 007 100 0110 0000 SCAN 008 010 0000 0100 B7 LOCK KEY IS NOT RELEASED YET 009 100 0000 0000 IDLE WD11 00A 100 0110 0000 SCAN 00B 100 0000 0000 WD11 00C 000 0000 1001 BO IDLE NOT FOUND ANYTHING 00D 100 0000 0000 WD11 00E 100 0000 0000 WD11 00F 100 0110 0000 SCAN 010 000 0000 1001 BO IDLE NOT FOUND ANYTHING * - - - INPUT ROUTINE - - - 011 111 1110 1001 TFB 9 OVERFLOW FLAG 012 010 0000 0100 BZ LOCK YOU MUST DO A CLEAR 013 100 0001 1100 SPWD 014 010 0000 0000 BZ CF CLEAR ENTRY 015 010 0000 0000 BZ DPT 016 010 0000 0000 BZ PLEQ = KEY 017 010 0000 0000 BZ S CHANGING SIGN 018 010 0000 0100 BZ LOCK −= KEY 019 010 0000 0000 BZ PLEQ 01A 010 0000 0000 BZ MIN − KEY 01B 010 0000 0000 BZ DIVI 01C 010 0000 0000 BZ MULT 01D 010 0000 0000 BZ PLEQ + KEY * - - - DATA ENTRY PRIME - - - 01E 111 0000 0011 SFA 3 FLAG MISC DATA ENTRY PRIME 01F 111 1110 0100 D3 TFB 4 FLAG DISPLAY 020 000 0000 0000 BO D1 021 100 0000 0001 D2 CLA ALL 022 111 0110 0100 ZEB 4 FLAG DISPLAY 023 111 0110 1010 ZFB 10 FLAG SIGN OF MONT OF A 024 111 0110 1011 ZFB 11 FLAG SIGN OF EXP OF A 025 111 1100 0010 TFA 2 026 000 0000 0000 BO D1 027 111 1100 0001 TFA 1 028 010 0000 0000 BZ D1 029 111 1010 1010 FFB 10 A NEGATIVE NUMBER 02A 111 1100 0011 D1 TFA 3 FLAG MISC 02B 010 0000 0000 BZ D7 02C 101 1100 0001 DPTA 02D 101 1110 0101 SAKA DPT1 PUT A 0 TO DPT OF A; ONLY LAST DPT EFFECTIVE 02E 000 0000 0100 BO LOCK ALWAYS BRANCH * - - - DIGIT ENTRY - - - 02F 111 0100 0011 D7 ZFA 3 MISC 030 101 0110 0100 CAK MSD1 031 000 0000 0000 BO D5 DIGIT OVERFLOW 032 110 0010 0100 CAK DPT7 033 010 0000 0000 BZ D6 034 111 0010 1000 D5 SFB 8 035 000 0000 0100 BO LOCK DIGIT OVERFLOW 036 111 1110 0011 D6 TFB 3 DPT FLAG 037 000 0000 0000 BO D4 038 101 1100 0101 AAKA DPT1 039 100 1000 0101 D4 SLLA MONT LSD OF A IS MADE TO 0 03A 100 0000 0000 WD11 03B 100 1110 0001 SOCN 03C 100 1100 0101 AAKA LSD1 03D 010 0000 0100 BZ LOCK ALWAYS BRANCH * - - - DPT ENTRY - - - 03E 111 0010 0011 DPT SFB 3 DPT FLAG 03F 000 0001 1111 BO D3 ALWAYS BRANCH * - - - 040 111 0010 0010 MIN SFB 2 SUBTRACT COMMAND 041 111 0110 0001 PLEQ ZFB 1 CURR OP 1 042 111 1100 0001 TFA 1 PREV OP 1 043 000 0000 0000 BO OP2 044 111 0000 0000 OP5 SFA 0 P-FLAG 045 000 0000 0000 BO PRE ALWAYS BRANCH 046 111 0010 0010 DIVI SFB 2 047 111 0010 0001 MULT SFB 1 048 111 1100 0001 TFA 1 PREV OP 1 049 000 0000 0000 BO OP6 04A 111 1110 0100 OP2 TFB 4 DISPLAY FLAG 04B 000 0100 0100 BO OP5 04C 111 1110 0001 TFB 1 CURR OP FLAG 1 04D 010 0000 0000 BZ OP1 ONLY LAST *,/ OPERATOR IS EFFECTIVE 04E 100 0000 0111 OP6 AAKC ALL 04F 111 0100 1010 ZFA 10 SIGN OF MONT OF C 050 111 1110 1010 TFB 10 SIGN OF MONT OF A 051 000 0000 0000 BO OP1 052 111 0000 1010 SFA 10 053 110 1100 0001 OP1 XFA 1 EXCHANGE CURRENT 1 WITH PREV 1 054 110 1100 0010 XFA 2 EXCHANGE CURRENT 2 WITH PREV 2 055 111 0110 0011 OP3 ZFB 3 DPT FLAG 056 111 0010 0100 SFB 4 FLAG DISPLAY 057 000 0000 0100 BO LOCK ALWAYS BRANCH * - - - CLEAR ENTRY - - - 058 111 0110 0011 CE ZFB 3 FLAG DPT 059 111 0110 1000 ZFB 8 05A 000 0010 0001 BO D2 ALWAYS BRANCH * - - - CHANGE SIGN - - - 05B 111 1010 1010 S FFB 10 05C 000 0000 0100 BO LOCK ALWAYS BRANCH * - - - ADD AND SUBTRACT - - - 05D 110 1000 1011 A/S CFA 11 COMPARING EXP SIGNS 05E 000 0000 0000 BO AS2 05F 100 0111 0000 CAB EXP 060 000 0000 0000 BO AS3 061 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 062 110 1100 1010 XFA 10 063 100 0111 0011 AS3 SABC EXP 064 111 1100 1011 TFA 11 SIGN OF EXP 065 000 0000 0000 BO AS4 066 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 067 110 1100 1010 XFA 10 068 101 1010 1111 AS4 SCKC EXP1 069 010 0000 0000 BZ AS5 06A 100 1010 1010 SRLB MONT 06B 000 0110 1000 BO AS4 ALWAYS BRANCH 06C 111 1100 1011 AS2 TFA 11 06D 010 0000 0000 BZ AS6 06E 100 0001 1000 AS7 EXAB ALL 06F 110 1100 1010 XFA 10 070 110 1100 1011 XFA 11 071 101 0010 0100 AS6 CAK M11 072 010 0110 1110 BZ AS7 073 100 0101 0011 AABC EXP 074 000 0110 1000 BO AS4 ALWAYS BRANCH 075 100 1011 0000 AS5 CAB MONT 076 000 0000 0000 BO AS8 077 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 078 110 1100 1010 XFA 10 079 110 1000 1010 AS9 CFA 10 07A 010 0000 0000 BZ AS8 07B 100 1011 0001 SABA MONT 07C 000 0000 0000 BO PRE ALWAYS BRANCH 07D 100 1001 0001 AS8 AABA MONT * - - - PRENORMALIZING A NUMBER - - - 07E 101 0010 0100 PRE CAK M11 07F 010 0000 0000 BZ A91 DATA IS ZERO 080 101 0100 0010 MSDB 081 100 1000 1010 SLLB MONT 082 100 1011 0000 CAB M19 IS M9 OF A NON-ZERO ? 083 010 0000 0000 BZ A2 MSD OF A ZERO 084 100 1010 0101 SRLA MONT 085 111 1110 1011 TFB 11 SIGN OF EXP 086 010 0000 0000 BZ A13 087 101 1000 0101 AAKA EXP1 088 110 0010 0100 A2 CAK DPT7 089 010 0000 0000 BZ A3 DPT OF A LESS THAN 7 08A 101 0110 0100 CAK M81 08B 000 0000 0000 BO A9 08C 100 1000 0101 SLLA MONT 08D 111 1110 1011 TFB 11 SIGN OF EXP 08E 010 0000 0000 BZ A4 EXP OF A IS − 08F 101 1010 0100 A5 CAK EXP1 090 010 0000 0000 BZ A6 EXP OF A IS ZERO 091 101 1010 0101 SAKA EXP1 092 000 1000 1000 BO A2 ALWAYS BRANCH 093 101 1010 0101 A13 SAKA EXP1 094 000 1000 1000 BO A2 ALWAYS BRANCH 095 101 1100 0101 A3 AAKA DPT1 096 101 0110 0100 CAK M81 097 010 0000 0000 BZ A8 MB OF A IS ZERO 098 111 1110 1011 TFB 11 SIGN OF EXP 099 010 1000 1111 BZ A5 SIGN OF E OF A IS NEGATIVE 09A 110 0110 0100 A4 CAK EXP7 09B 010 0000 0000 BZ A7 EXP OF A LESS THAN 7 09C 111 0010 1001 SFB 9 OVERFLOW 09D 110 0110 0101 SAKA EXP7 09E 000 0000 0000 BO A7 ALWAYS BRANCH 09F 111 1010 1011 A6 FFB 11 CHANGE SIGN OF EXP OF A 0A0 101 1000 0101 A7 AAKA EXP1 0A1 000 1000 1000 BO A2 ALWAYS BRANCH 0A2 100 1000 0101 A8 SLLA MONT 0A3 000 1000 1000 BO A2 ALWAYS BRANCH 0A4 100 0000 0001 A91 CLA ALL 0A5 111 1100 0000 A9 TFA 0 P-FLAG 0A6 000 0000 0000 BO POST 0A7 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 0A8 100 0000 1101 ACKA ALL 0A9 100 0000 1011 ABKC ALL 0AA 110 1100 1011 XFA 11 0AB 111 1100 1000 TFA 8 A SPECIAL FLAG OFR PRF ROUTINE 0AC 111 1000 1000 FFA 8 0AD 000 0111 1110 BO PRC 0AE 111 0100 0000 ZFA 0 P-FLAG 0AF 111 1100 0001 TFA 1 0B0 000 0101 1101 BO A/S * - - - MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE - - - 0B1 111 1100 0010 M/D TFA 2 PREV OP 2 0B2 000 0000 0000 BO M1 0B3 111 1100 0111 TFA 7 C-REG CONTAINING A CONSTANT ? 0B4 010 0000 0000 BZ M1 0B5 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 0B6 110 1100 1011 XFA 11 0B7 111 0100 0111 M1 ZFA 7 RESET THE CONSTANT FLAG IN CASE K IS RELEASED 0B8 100 0000 0000 WD11 0B9 100 1000 0000 KQCD 0BA 000 0000 0000 BO M22 0BB 111 0000 0111 SFA 7 C-REG CONTAINS A CONSTANT 0BC 110 1000 1010 M22 CFA 10 0BD 111 0110 1010 ZFB 10 0BE 010 0000 0000 BZ M2 0BF 111 0010 1010 SFB 10 0C0 110 1000 1011 M2 CFA 11 0C1 000 0000 0000 BO M20 UNLIKE F SIGNS 0C2 111 1100 0010 TFA 2 * OR / 0C3 010 0000 0000 BZ M3 / 0C4 100 0101 0001 M21 AABA EXP 0C5 000 0000 0000 BO M4 ALWAYS BRANCH 0C6 111 1100 0010 M20 TFA 2 * OR / 0C7 010 1100 0100 BZ M21 / 0C8 100 0111 0000 CAB EXP 0C9 000 0000 0000 BO M3 0CA 111 1010 1011 FFB 11 0CB 100 0111 0001 M3 SABA EXP 0CC 000 0000 0000 BO M4 0CD 100 0101 0001 AABA EXP 0CE 100 0001 1000 FXAB ALL 0CF 100 0111 0010 SABB EXP 0D0 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 0D1 111 1100 0010 TFA 2 * OR / 0D2 000 0000 0000 BO M4 * 0D3 111 1010 1011 FFB 11 0D4 101 0010 0100 M4 CAK M11 0D5 010 0000 0000 BZ M8 TAKE CARE OF O/A, O/O, A*O THE RESULT IS 0 0D6 100 1000 0111 AAKC MONT 0D7 100 1000 0001 CLA MONT 0D8 111 1100 0010 TFA 2 PREV OP 2 0D9 000 0000 0000 BO M5 MULTIPLY 0DA 100 1011 0100 M6 CCB MONT 0DB 010 0000 0000 BZ M7 0DC 100 1011 0111 SCBC MONT 0DD 101 0000 0101 AAKA M11 0DE 000 1101 1010 BO M6 0DF 101 0010 0101 SAKA M11 OVFLOW 0E0 111 0010 1001 SFB 9 0E1 000 0000 0100 BO LOCK ALWAYS BRANCH 0E2 101 0110 0100 M7 CAK MSD1 0E3 000 0000 0000 BO M8 DIVISION DONE, WITH OR WITHOUT REMAINDER 0E4 101 0010 0100 CAK M11 0E5 000 0000 0000 BO M23 0E6 111 1110 1011 TFB 11 SIGN OF EXP OF A 0E7 010 0000 0000 B7 M24 0E8 101 1010 0100 CAK EXP1 0E9 000 0000 0000 BO M25 0EA 111 0010 1011 SFB 11 0EB 101 1000 0101 M24 AAKA EXP1 0EC 000 0000 0000 BO M23 ALWAYS BRANCH 0ED 101 1010 0101 M25 SAKA EXP1 0EE 100 1000 0101 M23 SLLA MONT 0EF 101 0010 1100 CCK M11 0F0 010 1110 0010 BZ M7 0F1 100 1000 1111 SLLC MONT 0F2 000 1101 1010 BO M6 ALWAYS BRANCH 0F3 100 1010 1111 M9 SRLC MONT 0F4 101 0010 1100 CCK M11 0F5 010 0000 0000 BZ M8 0F6 100 1010 0101 SRLA MONT 0F7 100 1110 1111 M5 SCKC LSD1 0F8 010 1111 0011 BZ M9 0F9 100 1001 0001 AABA MONT 0FA 000 1111 0111 BO M5 ALWAYS BRANCH 0FB 100 0000 1011 M8 ABKC ALL 0FC 111 1110 0001 TFB 1 CURR OP 1 0FD 000 0000 0000 BO M12 0FE 111 0100 0111 ZFA 7 0FF 111 1100 0111 M12 TFA 7 CONSTANT IN C-REG ? 100 010 0111 1110 BZ PRE 101 111 0100 0001 ZFA 1 PREV OP 1 102 111 0100 0010 ZFA 2 RESET PREV OP 2 103 000 0111 1110 BO PRE ALWAYS BRANCH * - - - POST NORMALIZATION ROUTINE - - - 104 100 1010 0101 P2 SRLA MONT 105 101 1010 0100 POST CAK EXP1 106 010 0000 0000 BZ P1 107 101 1010 0101 SAKA EXP1 108 111 1110 1011 TFB 11 SIGN OF EXP OF A 109 011 0000 0100 BZ P2 10A 110 0110 0100 CAK EXP7 10B 010 0000 0000 BZ P7 10C 110 0110 0101 SAKA EXP7 10D 111 0010 1001 SFB 9 OVERFLOW 10E 001 0000 0101 BO POST ALWAYS BRANCH 10F 101 1110 0101 P7 SAKA DPT1 110 001 0000 0101 BO POST ALWAYS BRANCH 111 111 0110 1011 P1 ZFB 11 112 111 1110 1001 TFB 9 OVERFLOW 113 010 0000 0000 BZ OP4 NOT SET DESIRED DPT OR LOSE TRAILING 0 IF OVFLOW 114 100 1110 0100 P5 CAK LSD1 115 000 0000 0000 BO P4 116 101 1110 0100 CAK DPT1 117 010 0000 0000 BZ P4 118 100 1010 0101 SRLA MONT GETTING RID OF TRAILING ZEROS 119 101 1110 0101 SAKA DPT1 11A 001 0001 0100 BO P5 ALWAYS BRANCH 11B 111 1110 0001 P4 TFB 1 CURR OP 1 11C 010 0000 0000 BZ OP4 INTERMEDIATE RESULT IN FLOATING MODE 11D 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 11E 100 0000 0001 CLA ALL 11F 100 0000 0000 WD11 120 100 0010 0000 KPCD 121 010 0000 0000 BZ P3 FIXED POINT MODE 122 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL FLOATING MODE 123 111 1100 0111 OP4 TFA 7 CONSTANT IN C-REG ? 124 010 0101 0101 BZ OP3 125 000 0100 1110 BO OP6 ALWAYS BRANCH 126 100 0000 0000 P3 WD11 127 100 1100 0001 SOCP 128 000 0000 0000 BO NEXT 129 100 1100 0101 NEXT AAKA LSD1 RESET COND CODE 12A 100 0010 0101 SRLA ALL DESIRED DECIMAL PLACE GOES TO EXP OF A 12B 100 0000 1010 SLLB ALL ACTUAL DECIMAL PLACE GOES TO EXP OF B 12C 100 1010 1010 SRLB MONT 12D 100 0111 0000 CAB EXP 12E 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 12F 000 0000 0000 BO P6 130 101 1010 0101 P8 SAKA EXP1 131 100 1010 0101 SRLA MONT 132 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 133 100 0111 0000 CAB EXP 134 100 0001 1000 EXAB ALL 135 011 0011 0000 BZ P8 136 100 1000 0101 P9 SLLA MONT 137 100 0010 0101 SRLA ALL 138 001 0010 0011 BO OP4 ALWAYS BRANCH 139 100 0111 0000 P6 CAB EXP 13A 001 0011 0110 BO P9 DESIRED DPT = ACTUAL DPT 13B 101 0110 0100 CAK MSD1 A8 NON-ZERO ? 13C 001 0011 0110 BO P9 CAN NOT ADJUST TO EQUAL DPT 13D 100 1000 0101 SLLA MONT 13E 101 1000 0101 AAKA EXP1 13F 001 0011 1001 BO P6 ALWAYS BRANCH

TABLE VII EXAMPLE INSTRUCTION TRACE . . . DATA CARD 157 ($7.79 −= $) . . . PC I-REG A-REG B-REG C-REG FLAGS (A) FLAGS (B) C KPP KNP KOP KQP 00F 460  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 0 9 8 8 9 010 009  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 8 8 9 011 7E9  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 8 8 9 012 204  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 8 8 9 013 41C  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 9 9 014 253  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 8 9 015 239  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 7 9 016 23C  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 6 9 017 256  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 5 9 018 238  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 4 9 019 23C  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 3 9 01A 204  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 2 9 01B 241  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 1 9 01C 242  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 0 9 01D 23C  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 0 9 01E 703  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 0 9 01F 7E4  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000100000000 0 9 9 0 9 020 025  00003249202 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 0 9 021 401  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000100000000 1 9 9 0 9 022 764  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 023 76A  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 024 76B  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 025 7C3  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000000000000 0 9 9 0 9 026 22A  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0101000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 02A 743  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 02B 564  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 0 9 9 0 9 02C 02F  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 02D 624  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 0 9 9 0 9 02E 231  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 031 7E3  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 032 034  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 034 485  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 0 9 PC I-REG A-REG B-REG C-REG FLAGS (A) FLAGS (B) C KP KN KO KQ 035 400  00000000000 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 036 4E1  00000000600 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 0 9 5 9 9 037 4C5  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 0 9 5 9 9 038 204  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 5 9 9 004 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 005 762  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 006 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 007 460  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 8 8 9 008 204  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 8 8 9 009 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 8 9 9 00A 460  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 0 9 8 8 9 00B 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 0 9 9 9 9 00C 009  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 00D 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 00E 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 00F 460  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 0 9 8 8 9 010 009  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 8 8 9 011 7E9  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 8 8 9 012 204  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 8 8 9 013 41C  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 9 9 014 253  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 8 9 015 239  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0000000000000 1 9 9 7 9 039 723  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 03A 01F  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 01F 7E4  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 020 025  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 025 7C3  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 026 22A  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 027 5C1  00000000701 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 028 5E5  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 029 004  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 7 9 004 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 9 9 005 762  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 9 9 006 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 9 9 007 460  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 8 8 9 008 204  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 8 8 9 009 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 1 9 9 9 9 00A 460  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 0100000000000 0001000000000 0 9 8 8 9 00B 400  00000000700 00000000000 00003249202 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TABLE VIII

Problem Key Display −a − b + c =

0

0 a −a

−a b −b

(−a − b) c c

(−a − b + c) a ÷ b³ =

0

0 a a

a b b

(a/b)

(a/b²)

(a/b³) a⁴ =

0

0 a a

a

(a²)

(a³)

(a⁴) a ÷ b =

0 c ÷ b =

0 d ÷ b = a a

a b b

(a/b) c c

(c/b) d d

(d/b) a⁴ × b =

0

0 a a

a b b

(ab)

(a²b)

(a³b)

(a⁴b) (−a) × b =

0

0 a −a

−a b b

−(ab) a ÷ (−b) =

0 a a

a b b

−b

−(a/b) a × (−b) ÷ (−c) =

0 a a

a b b

−b

−(ab) c c

−c

(ab/c) ${\frac{\left( {a + b - c} \right) \times d}{e} - f} =$

0 a a

a b b

(a + b) c −c

(a + b − c) d d

(a + b − c)d e e

(a + b − c)d/e f −f

(a + b − c)d/e − f a × b =

0 a × c =

0 a × d − a a

a b b

(ab) c c

(ac) d d

(ad)

FIG. 22A gives a key to the flowchart notation; the shape of the box is used to distinguish the various classes of instructions, and the inscriptions in the box are used to specify the particular instruction within the indicated class.

The circular symbol is used for labels, as for example, the GO and CONT labels on FIG. 22A. Rectangles symbolize assignments. For register operation arrow notation is used with subscripts indicative of the Digit Mask. For flag operations, with the extra-lined rectangle, the instruction is given, along with either mnemonic or alpha numeric to identification of the flag(s) to be so modified. The oval symbol is used for all test operations, including Test Flag, Compare Flag, and Compare Register instructions. The diamond symbol is used for Branch Conditional instructions, where the indicated conditions relate to the preceding test or register (carry/borrow) operation. The hexagonal symbol is used for WAIT operations. In addition to the WAIT condition, for example, D11 or KN, associated operations, for example Add One, are also indicated.

Referring to FIG. 22B through T, the program flowcharts can be corresponded to the linear program Table VI as follows:

In Table VI the first three-digit column counts the ROM locations (PC values) in hexadecimal code from 000₁₆ (0₁₀) through 13F₁₆ (319₁₀). The next eleven-bit column reflect the binary-code contents of the ROM which is programmed at each of the PC locations, that is the IR code which would be detected and executed if the PC value became equivalent to that indicated, row by row. The next column gives programming labels by which some routines are known. The next column gives the instruction mnemonic, as described in the functional description section above. The remainder of the table is devoted to comments relating to the operational meaning of the instructions, as appropriate. The ROM locations of individual instructions on the flowcharts FIG. 22 are indicated by the three-digit hexadecimal codes in proximity of the instruction symbol.

Referring to FIG. 22B, the basic control routine is shown which connects the four basic operation (+,−,×, ÷) routines and determines the current operation and previous operation status by means of the flag test and update decision tree shown. The linear program is given in Table VI beginning at location 040, label MIN (corresponding to −) and continuing through location 057, with an “always branch” to LOCK.

Referring to FIG. 22C, the routines for Clear Entry (CE), Decimal Point (DPT), Clear (C), and Data Entry are shown. Clear is located at 000 through 003 and provides means to clear all flags and the A and C registers, returning to LOCK. Clear Entry is at location 058 and branches to the 02 routine at 021 to clear the A register and related flags. Data Entry is the control routine for input of number key and decimal point switch routines, beginning at location 01E.

Referring to FIG. 22D, all operating routines terminate in LOCK which provides means for suppression of double-key entry and multiple execution of single operation entries by testing for quiescence (open-circuit) of all momentary keyboard inputs. LOCK resides at locations 004 through 008, branching to IDLE on confirmation of quiescence. In two WAIT loops at locations 009 through 010, IDLE provides means for defeating leading-edge key bounce and transient noise.

Referring to FIG. 22E, OPN provides means for polling of keyboard operation inputs (KO keys) to determine which operation is being requested. This is accomplished with a list of Branch Conditional instructions, where the sequence of their execution corresponds to the order of key connections to the Digit scanning outputs, and by means of the WAIT D11 instruction to synchronize the polling to the scan cycle, and by association of KO→Cond with the WAIT instruction to permit conditional branching on the state of the keyboard inputs. OPN is located between 011 and 01D on the ROM and terminates with a jump to Data Entry for numeric inputs, if no previous jump is executed.

Referring to FIG. 22F, NBR provides means for polling and scan-encoding the numeric keyboard inputs, for example number keys and Point Position Switches. This is done by the single instruction WAIT(D11+KN) at location 03A by means of association of (A−1→A) to subtract “one” from the mantissa of A for each instruction cycle of the wait.

Referring to FIGS. 22G, H, I, J, K, L, and M, the Add/Substract (AS) and Prenormalize (PRE) are shown. These routines involve a variety of testing and formating procedures in addition to the actual performance of ADD or SUBSTRACT.

Referring to FIGS. 22N, O,P,Q,R,S, and T, the Multiply/Divide (MD) and Postnormalize (POST) are shown. These routines employ repetitive additions and substractions in combination with shift, test, and counting procedures in order to accomplish the desired function.

FIG. 23 illustrates the physical relationship between the above described signals and functions of the present embodiment and the packaging techniques of contemporary integrated circuit technology. For example, the input/output terminals of the present embodiment can be connected to a ceramic or plastic package lead frame using wire conductors and thermal compression bonding to provide means for allowing the system to become more accessible to conventional DIP/printed circuit board handling and usage.

In the described MOS embodiment of the calculator system of the invention, V_(SS)−V_(DD) and V_(DD)−V_(GG) are for example, nominally 7.2 volts under normal operating conditions (8.1 volts maximum; 6.6 volts minimum). The clock (φ) frequency is nominally 250 KHz, minimum 200 KHz and maximum 330 KHz.

Programming of the Calculator System for Non-calculator Functions

The calculator system of the present invention is a variable function calculator system in that it may be programmed to perform functions other than the desk top calculator functions previously described. The variable functionability of the system is essentially provided by the programmability of various subsystems such as the programmable read-only-memory and the programmable logic arrays utilized in the system. As previously stated, these programmable subsystems are programmed during the fabrication of MOS or MIS embodiments by merely modifying the gate-insulator mask.

In further calculator embodiments, a large number of diverse functions utilizing additional keys on a keyboard and/or additional programs stored in the ROM could provide a system including, for example, right shift, exchange operand, square root, exponential operations, logarithmic operations, double and triple zero operation, and key sequence recognition.

Being that the calculator system of the invention includes program control, data control arithmetic and logic means and input/output subsystems in various embodiments the system may be programmed to perform non-calculator functions. For example, the calculator system May be programmed to perform meter functions such as for a digital volt meter, event counting, meter smoothing, taxi-fare meter, an odometer, scale meter to measure weight, etc. The system may also be programmed to perform cash register operations, act as a controller, arithmetic teaching unit, clock, display decoder, automobile rally computer, etc.

Several embodiments of the invention have now been described in detail. It is to be noted, however, that these descriptions of specific embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles underlying the inventive concept. It is contemplated that various modifications of the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention will, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, be apparent to persons skilled in the art. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic system for preventing malfunction of key switch encoding comprising: A. key switches, each having a quiescent state to block a signal from passing through the key switch and an information entry state to pass a signal through the key switch for entering information into the system; B. memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system; and C. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the output terminals carrying sequences of active state output signals coupled to the key switches and the input terminals carrying input, signals occurring in response to the active state output signals passing through key switches in an information entry state, the output and input signals effecting a scanning of the key switches that is subject to malfunction, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the system including prevent means for preventing malfunction of the key switch scanning by executing at least one instruction word that results in a delay before distinguishing a key switch in an information entry state from a malfunction, and the system including defeat means for defeating double key entry after completing an operation by detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals to determine whether some key switch is still in the information entry state, and, if so, then waiting a length of time by executing at least one instruction word and again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 2. The system of claim 1 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and E. the prevent means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 3. The system of claim 1 in which the processor circuits operate the system in response to executing a series of instruction words for a wait operation, a scan operation, a wait operation and a branch conditional operation to detect that some key switch is in an information entry state.
 4. The system of claim 3 in which the prevent means include a series of instruction words for executing two wait operations, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to effect the delay.
 5. The system of claim 1 in which the processor circuits operate the system in response to executing a series of instruction words for a wait operation, a flag assignment. operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to detect a condition that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 6. The system of claim 5 in which the prevent means include a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to delay a length of time before again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 7. The system of claim 1 in which the delay effected by the prevent means is 2.5 milliseconds.
 8. An electronic system for preventing malfunction of key switch encoding comprising: A. key switches, each having a quiescent state and an information entry state for entering information into the system; B. memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system; and C. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the system including: i. debounce means for indicating within the processor circuits that some key switch is still in the information entry state after a delay that results by executing at least one instruction word after detecting through the terminals that some key switch indicates an information entry state; ii. operating means for completing plural instruction words to perform an operation associated with the key switch that is in the information entry state; and iii. defeat means for defeating double key entry after completing the operation by detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals to determine whether some key switch is still in the information entry state, and, if so, then waiting a length of time by executing at least one instruction word and again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 9. The system of claim 8 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and E. the debounce means and the defeat means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 10. An electronic system for preventing malfunction of key switch encoding comprising: A. key switches, each having a quiescent state and an information entry state for entering information into the system; B. memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system; and C. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the system including; debounce means for indicating within the processor circuits that some key switch is still in the information entry state after a delay that results by executing at least one instruction word after detecting through the terminals that some key switch indicates an information entry state.
 11. The system of claim 10 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and E. the debounce means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 12. The system of claim 8 or 10 in which the debounce means include a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a scan operation, a wait operation and a branch conditional operation to detect that some key switch indicates the information entry state.
 13. The system of claim 8 or 10 in which the debounce means include a series of instruction words for executing two wait operations, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to effect the delay.
 14. The system of claim 8 or 10 in which the delay effected by the debounce means is 2.5 milliseconds.
 15. An electronic system for preventing malfunction of key switch encoding comprising: A. key switches, each having a quiescent state and an information entry state for entering information into the system; B. memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system; and C. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the system including: defeat means for defeating double key entry after the processor circuits complete an operation indicated by a key switch being in an information entry state by detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals to determine whether some key switch is still in the information entry state, and, if so, then waiting a length of time by executing at least one instruction word and again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 16. The system of claim 15 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word, the, control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the. addressing circuits; and E. the defeat means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 17. The system of claim 8 or 15 in which the defeat means include a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to detect a condition that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in a information entry state.
 18. The system of claim 1, 8, 10, or 15 in which the processor circuits include output scanner circuits connected to the key switches through the output terminals, state and timing generator circuits having digit decoder circuits that drive the output scanner circuits, and key input logic circuits having outputs connected to the processor circuits and being connected to the key switches through the input terminals.
 19. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the key switches include keys that are operated momentarily and exclusively.
 20. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 including a display coupled to the processor circuits.
 21. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the processing circuits operate in bit-parallel.
 22. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the information to be entered associates only operation with each key switch.
 23. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the system is a calculator.
 24. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the output terminals connect to the key switches.
 25. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the input terminals connect to the key switches.
 26. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the output and input terminals connect to the key switches.
 27. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the processor circuits include a state and digit timing generator (194) having a digit decoder (593) with eleven digit decoder leads, connected to and driving output scanner circuits (197), the output scanner circuits having eleven 2-input NAND gates (604) respectively connected to the eleven digit decoder leads and to a digit BLANK signal (606), which blocks the digit decoder outputs for interdigit blanking, the outputs of the eleven 2-input NAND gates connecting to eleven respective output buffer circuits (605) that drive eleven respective output terminals (576) connected to the keys (340), the keys are arranged in a matrix of eleven columns and four rows with each output terminal connected respectively to one column of keys, and key input logic circuits (196) having four input terminals (576) connected respectively to the four rows of keys, the processor circuits including jump condition circuits (522) having four condition selector gates (514), and the key input logic circuits including four output lines respectively connecting the four input terminals to the four condition selector gates.
 28. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the output terminals connect to the key switches.
 29. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the input terminals connect to the key switches.
 30. The system of claim 1, 8, 10 or 15 in which the output terminals and input terminals connect to the key switches.
 31. A process of preventing malfunction of key switch encoding in an electronic system that includes key switches, each having a quiescent state to block a signal from passing through the key switch and an information entry state to pass a signal through the key switch for entering information into the system, memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system, and a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the process comprising: i. effecting a scanning of the key switches that is subject to malfunction by producing on the output terminals sequences of active state output signals that are coupled to the key switches, and receiving on the input terminals active state input signals that occur in response to the active state output signals passing through the key switches in an information entry state; and ii. preventing malfunction of the key switch scanning by executing at least one instruction word that results in a delay before distinguishing a key switch in an information entry state from a malfunction.
 32. The process of claim 31 in which the effecting a scanning includes executing a series of instruction words effecting a wait operation, a scan operation, a wait operation and a branch conditional operation to detect the states of the key switches.
 33. The process of claim 32 in which the preventing includes executing a series of instruction words effecting two wait operations, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to effect the delay.
 34. The process of claim 31 in which the effecting a scanning includes executing a series of instruction words for a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to detect a condition that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in a information entry state.
 35. The process of claim 34 in which the preventing includes executing a series of instruction words for a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to delay a length of time before again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in a information entry state.
 36. The process of claim 31 in which the preventing includes effecting a delay of 2.5 milliseconds.
 37. A process of preventing malfunction of key switch encoding in an electronic system that includes key switches, each having a quiescent state and an information entry state for entering information into the system, memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system, and a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the process comprising: i. detecting through the terminals that some key switch indicates an information entry state; ii. effecting a delay by executing at least one of the instruction words; iii. detecting through the terminals that some key switch is still in a information entry state after the delay; iv. completing a series of instruction words to perform an operation associated with the key switch that is in the information entry state; and v. detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals to determine whether some key switch is still in the information entry state, and, if so, then waiting a length of time by executing at least one instruction word and again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 38. A process of preventing malfunction of key switch encoding in an electronic system that includes key switches, each having a quiescent state and having an information entry state for entering information into the system, memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system, and a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the process comprising: i. detecting through the terminals that some key switch indicates an information entry state; ii. effecting a delay by executing at least one of the instruction words; iii. detecting through the terminals that some key switch is still in an information entry state after the delay; and iv. completing a series of instruction words to perform an operation associated with the key switch that is in the information entry state.
 39. The process of claim 37 or 38 in which detecting through the terminals that some key switch indicates an information entry state includes executing a series of instruction words effecting a wait operation, a scan operation, a wait operation and a branch conditional operation.
 40. The process of claim 37 or 38 in which effecting a delay includes executing a series of instruction words effecting two wait operations, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation.
 41. The process of claim 37 or 38 in which effecting a delay includes effecting a delay of 2.5 milliseconds.
 42. A process of preventing malfunction of key switch encoding in an electronic system that includes key switches, each having a quiescent state and an information entry state for entering information into the system, memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system, and a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, the process comprising: i. completing a series of instruction words to perform an operation associated with information entered in the system by a key switch being in an information entry state; and ii. detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals to determine whether some key switch is still in an information entry state, and, if so, then waiting a length of time by executing at least one instruction word and again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 43. The process of claim 37 or 42 in which the detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals includes executing a series of instruction words for a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to detect a condition that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in a information entry state.
 44. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits.
 45. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 including driving the key switches through the output terminals, digit scanner circuits, and digit decoder circuits from state and timing generator circuits that are also driving states and timing of the processor circuits, and connecting driven outputs from the key switches to the processor circuits through the input terminals and key input circuits.
 46. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 in which the key switches include keys that are operated momentarily and exclusively.
 47. The process of claim 31, 37, 38, or 42 including coupling a display to the processor circuits.
 48. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 including operating the processing circuits in bit-parallel.
 49. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 including associating only one operation with each key switch.
 50. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 in which the system is a calculator.
 51. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 including connecting the output terminals to the key switches.
 52. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 including connecting the input terminals to the key switches.
 53. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 including connecting the output and input terminals to the key switches.
 54. The process of claim 31, 37, 38 or 42 including: a. producing eleven respective digit decoder signals from a state and digit timing generator (194) having a digit decoder (593), b. driving eleven respective NAND gates (604) with the digit decoder signals and a digit BLANK signal (606), which blocks the digit decoder outputs for interdigit blanking, c. driving eleven respective output buffer circuits (605) from outputs of the eleven NAND gates, d. driving eleven respective output terminals (576) connected to the keys (340) from the output buffer circuits, e. arranging the keys in a matrix of eleven columns and four rows, f. connecting each output terminal to one respective column of keys, g. connecting four input terminals (576) of key input logic circuits (196) respectively to the four rows of keys, and h. connecting the four input terminals respectively to four condition selector gates of jump condition circuits (522) in the processor circuits.
 55. The process of claim 31, 37, 38, or 42 including connecting the output terminals to the key switches.
 56. The process of claim 31, 37, 38, or 42 including connecting the input terminals to the key switches.
 57. The process of claim 31, 37, 38, or 42 including connecting the output terminals and input terminals to the key switches.
 58. A monolithic integrated semiconductor device comprising: A. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including memory circuits, which include read only memory containing instruction words; B. output terminals and input terminals on the semiconductor, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being adapted for coupling to key switches off of the substrate, each key switch having a quiescent state to block a signal from passing through the key switch and an information entry state to pass a signal through the key switch for entering information into the device, the output terminals carrying sequences of active state output signals coupled to the key switches and the input terminals carrying input signals that occur in response to the active state output signals passing through key switches in an information entry state, the output and input signals effecting a scanning of the key switches that is subject to malfunction; and C. processor circuits on the semiconductor coupled to the output terminals and input terminals and to the memory circuits, the processor circuits for operating the device in response to executing the instruction words, the device including prevent means for preventing malfunction of key switch scanning by executing at least one instruction word that results in a delay in distinguishing a key switch in an information entry state from a malfunction.
 59. The device of claim 58 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and E. the prevent means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 60. The device of claim 58, in which the processor circuits operate the system in response to executing a series of instruction words for a wait operation, a scan operation, a wait operation and a branch conditional operation to detect that some key switch is in an information entry state.
 61. The device of claim 60 in which the prevent means include a series of instruction words for executing two wait operations, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to effect the delay.
 62. The device of claim 58 in which the processor circuits operate the system in response to executing a series of instruction words for a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to detect a condition that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 63. The device of claim 62 in which the prevent means include a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to delay a length of time before again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 64. The device of claim 58 in which the delay effected by the prevent means is 2.5 milliseconds.
 65. A monolithic integrated semiconductor device comprising: A. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including memory circuits, which include read only memory containing instruction words; B. output terminals and input terminals on the semiconductor, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being adapted for coupling to key switches off of the substrate, each key switch having a quiescent state and an information entry state for entering information into the device; and C. processor circuits on the semiconductor coupled to the output and input terminals and to the memory circuits, the processor circuits for operating the device in response to executing the instruction words, the device including: i. debounce means for indicating within the processor circuits that some key switch is still in the information entry state after a delay that results by executing at least one instruction word after detecting through the terminals that some key switch indicates an information entry state; ii. operating means for completing a plurality of instruction words to perform an operation associated with the key switch that is in the information entry state; and iii. defeat means for defeating double key entry after completing the operation by detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals to determine whether some key switch is still in the information entry state, and, if so, then waiting a length of time by executing at least one instruction word and again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 66. The device of claim 65 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and E. the debounce means and the defeat means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 67. A monolithic integrated semiconductor device comprising: A. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including memory circuits, which include read only memory containing instruction words; B. output terminals and input terminals on the semiconductor, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being adapted for coupling to key switches off of the substrate, each key switch having a quiescent state and an information entry state for entering information into the device; and C. processor circuits on the semiconductor coupled to the output and input terminals and to the memory circuits, the processor circuits for operating the device in response to executing the instruction words, the device including: debounce means for indicating within the processor circuits that some key switch is still in the information entry state after a delay that results by executing at least one instruction word after detecting through the terminals that some key switch indicates an information entry state.
 68. The device of claim 67 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and E. the debounce means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 69. The device of claim 65 or 67 in which the debounce means include a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a scan operation, a wait operation and a branch conditional operation to detect that some key switch indicates the information entry state.
 70. The device of claim 65 or 67 in which the debounce means include a series of instruction words for executing two wait operations, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to effect the delay.
 71. The device of claim 65 or 67 in which the delay effected by the debounce means is 2.5 milliseconds.
 72. A monolithic integrated semiconductor device comprising: A. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including memory circuits, which include read only memory containing instruction words; B. output terminals and input terminals on the semiconductor, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being adapted for coupling to key switches off of the substrate, each key switch having a quiescent state and having an information entry state for entering information into the device; and C. processor circuits on the semiconductor coupled to the output terminals and input terminals and to the memory circuits, the processor circuits for operating the device in response to executing the instruction words, the device including: defeat means for defeating double key entry after completing an operation indicated by a key switch being in an information entry state by detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals to determine whether some key switch is still in the information entry state, and, if so, then waiting a length of time by executing at least one instruction word and again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 73. The device of claim 72 in which the processor circuits include: A. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; B. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; C. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; and D. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word,the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and E. the defeat means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits.
 74. The device of claim 65 or 72 in which the defeat means include a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to detect a condition that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state.
 75. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the processor circuits include output scanner circuits adapted for connection to the key switches through the output terminals, state and timing generator circuits having digit decoder circuits that drive the output scanner circuits, and key input logic circuits having outputs connected to the processor circuits and adapted for connection to the key switches through the input terminals.
 76. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the key switches include keys that are operated momentarily and exclusively.
 77. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 including a display adapted for coupling to the processor circuits.
 78. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the processing circuits operate in bit-parallel.
 79. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the information to be entered associates only one operation with each key switch.
 80. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the device operates as a calculator.
 81. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the output terminals are adapted to be connected to the key switches.
 82. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the input terminals are adapted to be connected to the key switches.
 83. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the output and input terminals are adapted to be connected to the key switches.
 84. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the processor circuits include a state and digit timing generator (194) having a digit decoder (593) with eleven digit decoder leads connected to and driving output scanner circuits (197), the output scanner circuits having eleven 2-input NAND gates (604) respectively connected to the eleven digit decoder leads and to a digit BLANK signal (606), which blocks the digit decoder outputs for interdigit blanking, the outputs of the eleven 2-input NAND gates connecting to eleven respective output buffer circuits (605) that drive eleven respective output terminals (576) adapted to be connected to the keys (340), the keys are arranged in a matrix of eleven columns and four rows with each output terminal adapted to be connected respectively to one column of keys, and key input logic circuits (196) having four input terminals (576) adapted to be connected respectively to the four rows of keys, the processor circuits including jump condition circuits (522) having four condition selector gates (514), and the key input logic circuits including four output lines respectively connecting the four input terminals to the four condition selector gates.
 85. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the output terminals are adapted to be connected to the key switches.
 86. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the input terminals are adapted to be connected to the key switches.
 87. The device of claim 58, 65, 67 or 72 in which the output terminals and input terminals are adapted to be connected to the key switches.
 88. An electronic system for preventing malfunction of key switch encoding comprising: A. key switches, each having a quiescent state to block a signal from passing through the key switch and an information entry state to pass a signal through the key switch for entering information into the system; B. memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system; and C. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including processor circuits, output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals and the terminals being coupled to the key switches, the output terminals carrying sequences of active state output signals coupled to the key switches and the input terminals carrying input signals occurring in response to the active state output signals passing through key switches in an information entry state, the output and input signals effecting a scanning of the key switches that is subject to malfunction, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, and the system including prevent means for preventing malfunction of the key switch scanning by executing at least one instruction word that results in a delay before distinguishing a key switch in an information entry state from a malfunction; D. the semiconductor including the memory circuits, which include read only memory containing the instruction words, and the processor circuits including: i. arithmetic logic circuits operating in response to receiving control signals, and data storage circuits; ii. selector circuits interconnecting input and output of the arithmetic logic circuits with the data storage circuits in response to receiving control signals; iii. addressing circuits coupled to the read only memory for selecting sequences of instruction words from the read only memory for controlling operation of the processor circuits in response to receiving control signals; iv. control circuits coupled to the terminals and coupled to the read only memory to receive the sequences of instruction words, in response to each instruction word the control circuits generating the control signals that are coupled to the arithmetic logic circuits, the selector circuits, and the addressing circuits; and v. the scanning means and the prevent means including the addressing circuits and the control circuits; E. the scan means including a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to detect a condition that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state; F. the prevent means including a series of instruction words for executing a wait operation, a flag assignment operation, a wait operation, a scan operation and a branch conditional operation to delay a length of time before again detecting the states of the key switches through the terminals until a condition is detected that no key switch is in an information entry state before again responding to any key switch being in an information entry state; G. the delay effected by the prevent means is 2.5 milliseconds; and H. the processor circuits including a state and digit timing generator (194) having a digit decoder (593) with eleven digit decoder leads connected to and driving output scanner circuits (197), the output scanner circuits having eleven 2-input NAND gates (604) respectively connected to the eleven digit decoder leads and to a digit BLANK signal (606), which blocks the digit decoder outputs for interdigit blanking, the outputs of the eleven 2-input NAND gates connecting to eleven respective output buffer circuits (605) that drive eleven respective output terminals (576) connected to the keys (340), the keys are arranged in a matrix of eleven columns and four rows with each output terminal connected respectively to one column of keys, and key input logic circuits (196) having four input terminals (576) connected respectively to the four rows of keys, the processor circuits including jump condition circuits (522) having four condition selector gates (514), and the key input logic circuits including four output lines respectively connecting the four input terminals to the four condition selector gates.
 89. A process of operating an electronic system comprising: A. scanning key switches that are each subject to malfunction by producing on one of plural output terminals of a single monolithic integrated semiconductor an output signal that is coupled to the key switches; B. receiving on one of plural input terminals of the single monolithic integrated semiconductor, which are separate from the output terminals, an input signal that occurs in response to the output signal being applied to a key switch that is in an active state; and C. preventing malfunction of the key switch scanning by executing at least one instruction word on the single monolithic integrated semiconductor, which includes read only memory circuits containing the instruction words, that results in a delay before distinguishing the key switch in an active state.
 90. The process of claim 89 in which the preventing includes reading an instruction word from the memory circuits on the monolithic integrated semiconductor and executing that instruction word in processor circuits on that monolithic integrated semiconductor.
 91. An electronic system comprising: A. an array of key switches arranged in columns and rows, each key switch having an inactive state and an active state, for entering information into the system; and B. a single monolithic integrated semiconductor including processor circuits, read only memory circuits containing instruction words for operating the system, and output terminals and input terminals, the output terminals being separate from the input terminals, the output terminals being connected to one of either of the columns and rows of key switches and the input terminals being connected to the other of either of the columns and rows of key switches, the output terminals carrying sequences of output signals coupled to the key switches and the input terminals carrying input signals occurring in response to the output signals being applied to the key switches in an active state, the output and input signals effecting a scanning of the key switches that is subject to malfunction, the processor circuits being coupled to the terminals and to the memory circuits and the processor circuits operating the system in response to executing the instruction words, and the processor circuits executing at least one instruction word that results in a delay before distinguishing a key switch in an active state. 